Life Cycles Of Paper And Plastic Bags Environmental Sciences Essay

Life Cycles Of Paper And Plastic Bags Environmental Sciences Essay This research performs life-cycle assessments on two products-plastic bags and paper bags. The two products are considered to be substitutes for one another, and the end objective of the life-cycle assessments performed on the two products is to compare the life-cycle costs of the two products for the purpose of recommending a production strategy for a company that produces bags. A life-cycle assessment for paper bags is presented in the following section, and this presentation is followed by a presentation of a life-cycle assessment for plastic bags in the succeeding section. Following the presentations of the two life-cycle assessments, the two substitute products are compared with the emphasis being placed on the full costs of the products for the manufacturing company. Recommendations and conclusions based on this comparison are then presented. Life cycle assessment attempts to measure the total environmental effects of a product from cradle to grave. Proponents contend that life-cycle assessment can provide the information to assess tradeoffs throughout the life of every product. Life-cycle assessment permits producing organizations to determine the environmental impact of both their products and the manufacturing processes used in the production of those goods. As manufacturing companies have experienced increasing pressures to minimize adverse environmental effects of all types, therefore, life-cycle assessment has assumed greater importance in manufacturing management. The initial step in a life-cycle assessment involves the establishment of the purpose of the study and defining the objectives of the study. This step for this current examination was established in the initial paragraph of this Introduction. The second step of a life-cycle assessment is the life-cycle inventory. In the life-cycle inventory, energy and raw material requirements and environmental emissions of the product and its manufacturing process are quantified. Precise and extensive calculations are involved in this step. Totals for all material requirements and environmental emissions are presented for all stages of production, from raw materials acquisition to waste management. The third step is an impact assessment, which attempts to translate the life-cycle inventory data into effects on human health, ecological health, and resource depletion, which are the impacts of the product and its manufacturing process on the environment. The impact assessment is accomplished by classifying the inventory items into condition groups that may lead to an environmental impact. The final step in a life-cycle assessment is an improvement analysis. The improvement analysis develops recommendations based on the results of the life-cycle inventory and the life-cycle impact assessment. Such recommendations may include the modification of a production process, the use of different raw materials, or choosing one product over another, as is the case in this current study. The steps of the life-cycle assessment process from life-cycle inventory through life-cycle improvement analysis are addressed in this current study in the following two sections. In these two sections, these steps of the life-cycle assessment process are developed for both plastic bags and paper bags. Life-Cycle Assessment: Plastic Bags The life-cycle assessment of plastic bags is presented in relation to life-cycle inventory, life-cycle impact assessment, and life-cycle improvement analysis. Life-Cycle Inventory The life-cycle inventory analysis is a technical, data-based process of quantifying energy and raw material requirements, atmospheric emissions, waterborne emissions, solid wastes, and other releases for the entire life cycle of a product, package, process, material, or activity. In this section, the life-cycle inventory is developed for plastic bags. In the broadest sense, a life-cycle inventory analysis begins with raw material extraction and continues through final product consumption and disposal. The scope of the life-cycle inventory refers to the setting of boundaries for the life-cycle inventory of a specific product. A flow chart of the life cycle of plastic bags is presented in Exhibit 1. The exhibit may be found on the following page. The flow of the life cycle of plastic bags is illustrated in Exhibit 1. This flow begins (PE) petroleum extraction, and progresses through (PR) petroleum refining, (Pl-E) plastic extrusion, (Pl-F) plastic fabrication, (PB-M) plastic bag manufacture, (Tr) transportation of plastic bags to initial users, (IU) initial use, (SU) secondary use, (UD) user disposal, and thence to either (Rcy) recycling or (LFD) landfill disposal. The life-cycle inventory of environmental factors for plastic bags is presented in Table 1. The table may be found on the following page. Table 1: Life-Cycle Inventory Plastic Bags Environmental Factor Emissions [metric tons] SO2 0.07037 CO 0.01655 NO2 0.04692 VOC 0.27504 Lead 0.00001 PM10 0.00241 MTCO2E 58.76522 Non-Point Air 0.02432 Point Air 0.03892 Air Releases 0.04723 Water Releases 0.00225 Land Releases 0.00106 Underground Releases 0.01568 The life-cycle inventory of plastic bags indicates that several environmental factors are involved in the production and use of the product. These factors come into play at every stage of the life cycle of plastic bags. Life-Cycle Impact Assessment Qualitative aspects of the life-cycle are addressed through the life-cycle impact assessment. The life-cycle impact assessment, however, also includes technical and quantitative data to assess the effects of the resource requirements and environmental factors (atmospheric emissions, waterborne emissions, and solid wastes) identified in the life-cycle inventory. The life-cycle impact assessment for plastic bags developed in this section considers ecological and human health impacts, and resource depletion. Other effects, such as habitat modification and heat and noise pollution, also are included in the life-cycle impact assessment. The key concept in the life-cycle impact assessment is the environmental stressor. The environmental stressor concept links the life-cycle inventory and the life-cycle impact assessment through identified conditions that tie resource consumption and environmental factors. Thus, a stressor is a set of conditions that may lead to an impact. The life-cycle impact analysis does not attempt to quantify any specific actual impacts associated with a product or process. Rather, the life-cycle impact assessment seeks to establish a linkage between the product or process life cycle and potential impacts. The substance releases associated with the manufacture, distribution, use, and disposal of plastic bags create a number of stressors. These stressors, in turn, have an impact on the ecology, human and other animal welfare, and resource conservation. The magnitude of releases into the air, water, and land are not enormous; however, the are nevertheless substantial. Life-Cycle Improvement Analysis The life-cycle improvement analysis is an evaluation of the needs and opportunities to reduce the environmental burden associated with energy and raw material use and waste emissions throughout the life cycle of a product or process, which in this section is a product-plastic bags. This analysis includes both quantitative and qualitative measures of improvements. The economic costs associated with the use of plastic bags approximate $0.58710 per metric ton of environmental discharge. Electricity consumption in the production of plastic bags approximates 0.19 million kilowatt-hours per $1 million production of plastic bags. Life-Cycle Assessment: Paper Bags The life-cycle assessment of paper bags is presented in relation to life-cycle inventory, life-cycle impact assessment, and life-cycle improvement analysis. Life-Cycle Inventory As noted in the preceding life-cycle assessment of plastic bags, the life-cycle inventory analysis is a technical, data-based process of quantifying energy and raw material requirements, atmospheric emissions, waterborne emissions, solid wastes, and other releases for the entire life cycle of a product, package, process, material, or activity. In this section, the life-cycle inventory is developed for paper bags. In the broadest sense, as stated in the life-cycle assessment of plastic bags, a life-cycle inventory analysis begins with raw material extraction and continues through final product consumption and disposal. The scope of the life-cycle inventory refers to the setting of boundaries for the life-cycle inventory of a specific product. A flow chart of the life cycle of plastic bags is presented in Exhibit 2. The exhibit may be found on the following page. The flow of the life cycle of paper bags is illustrated in Exhibit 2. This flow begins (TH) tree harvesting, and progresses through (LT) log transport, (Pm-O) pulp mill operations, (Pa-F) paper fabrication, (PB-M) paper bag manufacture, (Tr) transportation of paper bags to initial users, (IU) initial use, (SU) secondary use, (UD) user disposal, and thence to either (Rcy) recycling or (LFD) landfill disposal. The life-cycle inventory of environmental factors for plastic bags is presented in Table 2. The table may be found on the following page. Table 2: Life-Cycle Inventory Paper Bags Environmental Factor Emissions [metric tons] SO2 0.80988 CO 0.51794 NO2 0.35931 VOC 0.30502 Lead 0.00010 PM10 0.03281 MTCO2E 91.28522 Non-Point Air 0.00471 Point Air 0.07472 Air Releases 0.07824 Water Releases 0.00362 Land Releases 0.00144 Underground Releases 0.00000 The life-cycle inventory of paper bags indicates that several environmental factors are involved in the production and use of the product. These factors come into play at every stage of the life cycle of paper bags. Life-Cycle Impact Assessment Qualitative aspects of the life cycle are addressed through the life-cycle impact assessment, a fact noted in the life-cycle assessment of plastic bags. The life-cycle impact assessment, however, also includes technical and quantitative data to assess the effects of the resource requirements and environmental factors (atmospheric emissions, waterborne emissions, and solid wastes) identified in the life-cycle inventory. The life-cycle impact assessment for paper bags developed in this section considers ecological and human health impacts, and resource depletion. Other effects, such as habitat modification and heat and noise pollution, also are included in the life-cycle impact assessment. The key concept in the life-cycle impact assessment, a previously noted in the life-cycle assessment of plastic bags, is the environmental stressor. The environmental stressor concept links the life-cycle inventory and the life-cycle impact assessment through identified conditions that tie resource consumption and environmental factors. Thus, a stressor is a set of conditions that may lead to an impact. The life-cycle impact analysis, as stated in the life-cycle assessment of plastic bags, does not attempt to quantify any specific actual impacts associated with a product or process. Rather, the life-cycle impact assessment seeks to establish a linkage between the product or process life cycle and potential impacts. The substance releases associated with the manufacture, distribution, use, and disposal of paper bags create a number of stressors. These stressors, in turn, have an impact on the ecology, human and other animal welfare, and resource conservation. The magnitude of releases into the air, water, and land are not enormous; however, the are nevertheless substantial. Life-Cycle Improvement Analysis The life-cycle improvement analysis is an evaluation of the needs and opportunities to reduce the environmental burden associated with energy and raw material use and waste emissions throughout the life cycle of a product or process, which in this section is a product-plastic bags. This analysis includes both quantitative and qualitative measures of improvements. The economic costs associated with the use of paper bags approximate $0.57299 per metric ton of environmental discharge. Electricity consumption in the production of plastic bags approximates 0.27 million kilowatt-hours per $1 million production of plastic bags. Comparative Assessment of Plastic Bags Paper Bags Comparing the life-cycle assessment of plastic bags with the life-cycle assessment of paper bags reveals that, from an environmental risk perspective, plastic bags are a lower risk product than are paper bags. With respect to life-cycle inventory comparisons, paper bags are superior to plastic bags only within the context of non-point air releases. Comparing the life-cycle assessment of plastic bags with the life-cycle assessment of paper bags within a total cost context reveals that plastic bags consume less resources in production and distribution. Further, the total cost of production is lower for plastic bags than for paper bags. Recommendations For the company manufacturing bags, the recommendation is that plastic bags continue to be produced. Although the company does not now produce paper bags, the recommendations is that such production not be commenced. Conclusions One conclusion drawn from the findings of this study is that plastic bags are a more economic product for the manufacturer than are paper bags. A second conclusion is that plastic bags are less harmful to the ecology than are paper bags.

Technique of Indirect Characterization in “The Great Gatsby”

There is no single work of literature in the world, where a full, completed characterization of a person would be, no matter if he/she is the main character, or does not play any role in the novel at all. The main idea is to develop an image of a character through actions of others, and as it gets more complicated, the greater novel becomes. In Fitzgerald’s â€Å"The Great Gatsby† the author uses the technique of indirect characterization to make the reader feel the atmosphere of the society of the nineteen-twenties by analyzing its behavior. Gatsby, the true representative of all the greatness, richness, and beautifulness of the period, plays the main role in the novel by being the most mysterious and fabulous person. This is the reason why everyone talks about him and creates various rumors about his enigmatic life. Nick and Jordan also play important roles. Their main job is to transmit the Gatsby’s character. During their first meeting they mentioned Gatsby’s name only once, but then it became usual and kept being talked about. When they first kissed, Jordan had already told Nick about Gatsby’s love to Daisy. These discussions tied them together. And as the relationship between Nick and Jordan becomes closer, more information the reader gets from the novel. There is another situation when Nick finds out some negative characteristics of Jordan, such as carelessness, the unsuccessful time period of Gatsby’s life becomes being known by Nick, and so, by the reader. Nick’s company makes Gatsby feel more comfortable and opened. He is not afraid of being trustful with him, because recognizes an unaffected person in Nick, it reminds Gatsby of himself. Nick, in his turn, finds out some characteristics of Gatsby, and creates an image of a swift, strong, and sometimes embarrassed man. The idea of manipulating characters in order to describe someone in a novel makes the reader think on the work, try to reorganize thoughts, and complete the image of the character.

Virginia Woolf Quotes

Writer Virginia Woolf is a key figure in the modernist literary movement. She is best known for her writings between World War I and World War II including the 1929 essay, A Room of Ones Own, and novels Mrs. Dalloway and Orlando. Interest in Virginia Woolf and her writings revived with the feminist criticism of the 1970s. Selected Virginia Woolf Quotations On Women †¢ A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction. †¢ As a woman, I have no country. As a woman, I want no country. As a woman, my country is the world. †¢ I would venture to guess that Anon, who wrote so many poems without signing them, was often a woman. †¢ The history of mens opposition to womens emancipation is more interesting perhaps than the story of that emancipation itself. †¢ If one could be friendly with women, what a pleasure - the relationship so secret and private compared with relations with men. Why not write about it truthfully? †¢ The truth is, I often like women. I like their unconventionality. I like their completeness. I like their anonymity. †¢ This is an important book, the critic assumes, because it deals with war. This is an insignificant book because it deals with the feelings of women in a drawing-room. †¢ Women have served all these centuries as looking-glasses possessing the magic and delicious power of reflecting the figure of man at twice its natural size. †¢ It is fatal to be a man or woman pure and simple: one must be a woman manly, or a man womanly. On Women in Literature †¢ [W]omen have burnt like beacons in all the works of all the poets from the beginning of time. †¢ If woman had no existence save in the fiction written by men, one would imagine her a person of the utmost importance; very various; heroic and mean; splendid and sordid; infinitely beautiful and hideous in the extreme; as great as a man, some think even better. †¢ Have you any notion how many books are written about women in the course of one year? Have you any notion how many are written by men? Are you aware that you are, perhaps, the most discussed animal in the universe? On History †¢ Nothing has really happened until it has been recorded. †¢ For most of history, Anonymous was a woman. On Life and Living †¢ To look life in the face, always, to look life in the face, and to know it for what it is...at last, to love it for what it is, and then to put it away. †¢ One cannot think well, love well, sleep well, if one has not dined well. †¢ When you consider things like the stars, our affairs dont seem to matter very much, do they? †¢ The beauty of the world, which is so soon to perish, has two edges, one of laughter, one of anguish, cutting the heart asunder. †¢ Each has his past shut in him like the leaves of a book known to him by his heart, and his friends can only read the title. †¢ Its not catastrophes, murders, deaths, diseases, that age and kill us; its the way people look and laugh, and run up the steps of omnibuses. †¢ Life is a luminous halo, a semi-transparent envelope surrounding us from the beginning. †¢ Someone has to die in order that the rest of us should value life more. On Freedom †¢ To enjoy freedom we have to control ourselves. †¢ Lock up your libraries if you like, but there is no gate, no lock, no bolt that you can set upon the freedom of my mind. On Time †¢ I can only note that the past is beautiful because one never realises an emotion at the time. It expands later, and thus we dont have complete emotions about the present, only about the past. †¢ The mind of man works with strangeness upon the body of time. An hour, once it lodges in the queer element of the human spirit, may be stretched to fifty or a hundred times its clock length; on the other hand, an hour may be accurately represented by the timepiece of the mind by one second. On Age †¢ The older one grows, the more one likes indecency. †¢ One of the signs of passing youth is the birth of a sense of fellowship with other human beings as we take our place among them. †¢ These are the souls changes. I dont believe in ageing. I believe in forever altering ones aspect to the sun. Hence my optimism. On War and Peace †¢ We can best help you to prevent war not by repeating your words and following your methods but by finding new words and creating new methods. †¢ If you insist upon fighting to protect me, or our country, let it be understood soberly and rationally between us that you are fighting to gratify a sex instinct which I cannot share; to procure benefits where I have not shared and probably will not share. On Education and Intelligence †¢ The first duty of a lecturer is to hand you after an hours discourse a nugget of pure truth to wrap up between the pages of your notebooks and keep on the mantelpiece forever. †¢ If we help an educated mans daughter to go to Cambridge are we not forcing her to think not about education but about war? - not how she can learn, but how she can fight in order that she might win the same advantages as her brothers? †¢ There can be no two opinions as to what a highbrow is. He is the man or woman of thoroughbred intelligence who rides his mind at a gallop across country in pursuit of an idea. On Writing †¢ Literature is strewn with the wreckage of those who have minded beyond reason the opinion of others. †¢ Writing is like sex. First you do it for love, then you do it for your friends, and then you do it for money. †¢ It is worth mentioning, for future reference, that the creative power which bubbles so pleasantly in beginning a new book quiets down after a time, and one goes on more steadily. Doubts creep in. Then one becomes resigned. Determination not to give in, and the sense of an impending shape keep one at it more than anything. †¢ Masterpieces are not single and solitary births; they are the outcome of many years of thinking in common, of thinking by the body of the people, so that the experience of the mass is behind the single voice. †¢ A biography is considered complete if it merely accounts for six or seven selves, whereas a person may well have as many as a thousand. †¢ Odd how the creative power at once brings the whole universe to order. †¢ When the shriveled skin of the ordinary is stuffed out with meaning, it satisfies the senses amazingly. †¢ A masterpiece is something said once and for all, stated, finished, so that its there complete in the mind, if only at the back. †¢ I meant to write about death, only life came breaking in as usual. †¢ I was in a queer mood, thinking myself very old: but now I am a woman again - as I always am when I write. †¢ Humour is the first of the gifts to perish in a foreign tongue. †¢ Language is wine upon the lips. On Reading †¢ When the Day of Judgment dawns and people, great and small, come marching in to receive their heavenly rewards, the Almighty will gaze upon the mere bookworms and say to Peter, Look, these need no reward. We have nothing to give them. They have loved reading. On Work †¢ Occupation is essential. On Integrity and Truth †¢ If you do not tell the truth about yourself you cannot tell it about other people. †¢ This soul, or life within us, by no means agrees with the life outside us. If one has the courage to ask her what she thinks, she is always saying the very opposite to what other people say. †¢ It is in our idleness, in our dreams, that the submerged truth sometimes comes to the top. On Public Opinion †¢ On the outskirts of every agony sits some observant fellow who points. †¢ It is curious how instinctively one protects the image of oneself from idolatry or any other handling that could make it ridiculous, or too unlike the original to be believed any longer. On Society †¢ Inevitably we look upon society, so kind to you, so harsh to us, as an ill-fitting form that distorts the truth; deforms the mind; fetters the will. †¢ Great bodies of people are never responsible for what they do. †¢ Those comfortably padded lunatic asylums which are known, euphemistically, as the stately homes of England. On People †¢ Really I dont like human nature unless all candied over with art. On Friendship †¢ Some people go to priests; others to poetry; I to my friends. On Money †¢ Money dignifies what is frivolous if unpaid for. On Clothes †¢ There is much to support the view that it is clothes that wear us, and not we, them; we may make them take the mould of arm or breast, but they mould our hearts, our brains, our tongues to their liking. On Religion †¢ I read the book of Job last night, I dont think God comes out well in it. About These Quotes This quote collection was assembled by Jone Johnson Lewis. Each quotation page in this collection and the entire collection  © Jone Johnson Lewis. This is an informal collection assembled over many years.

Post WW II and Japan Essay - 1255 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;World War II took place beginning at 1939 and ending in 1945. Japan was the last opposing country to surrender to the US Allies on September 2nd, 1945. Ending the long, horrific seven-year war. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Upon Japan’s admitted defeat, the U.S. invaded and took occupation of the country for seven years. Though assumed to be a distressing circumstance and expected total domination, it was a benefit to Japan, for the United States to take control of them, rather than being a disadvantage. The occupation helped the recovery and development of Japan’s economy and also clarified understanding between the two countries. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When the United States took control of Japan†¦show more content†¦Many Japanese people still felt bitter about the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which they tried to exploit the immorality of it by writing books, bashing the U.S. President Truman and the Americans. However, the U.S. government during the occupation period censored it. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Surprisingly, the American occupation wasn’t such an unpleasant experience the Japanese anticipated it to be. The occupation proved to be an important, constructive phase of Japanese history, a veritable rebirth, comparable only to the Meiji Restoration (Reischauer 222). What the Japanese expected the U.S. to be a vindictive and relentless sovereignty, were basically friendly and fair-minded people. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Japanese, for their part, were far from the fanatical fighters the Americans had come to know on the battlefield, and proved to be a docile, disciplined, cooperative people at home (Reichauer 222). The United States dominating of Japan transformed the brutal war charged with overt racism into an amicable peace in which the issue of race seemed to have disappeared. 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